Kunoshandiswa Mavharuvhu: Kwese Kwese!

08 Mbudzi 2017 Yakanyorwa naGreg Johnson

Mavharuvhu anowanikwa chero kupi nhasi: mudzimba dzedu, pasi pemugwagwa, muzvivakwa zvemabhizinesi uye munzvimbo dzakawanda dziri mumafekitori emagetsi nemvura, mafekitori emapepa, mafekitori ekuchenesa, mafekitori emakemikari nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri nedzezvivakwa.
Indasitiri yemavharuvhu yakafara zvechokwadi, ine zvikamu zvinosiyana kubva pakugoverwa kwemvura kusvika kusimba renyukireya kusvika kumafuta negesi kumusoro uye pasi pemvura. Imwe neimwe yeidzi indasitiri dzinoshandisa mamwe marudzi ekutanga emavharuvhu; zvisinei, ruzivo rwekuvaka nezvinhu zvinowanzosiyana zvikuru. Heino muenzaniso:

Mabasa emvura
Munyika yekugoverwa kwemvura, kumanikidzwa kwacho kunowanzova kwakaderera uye tembiricha dziripo. Zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinobvumira zvinhu zvakawanda zvekugadzira mavharuvhu zvisingawanikwe pamidziyo yakaoma senge mavharuvhu emhepo anodziya zvakanyanya. Tembiricha yemvura inodziya inobvumira kushandiswa kwema elastomers nezvisimbiso zverabha zvisingakodzeri kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Zvinhu izvi zvakapfava zvinobvumira mavharuvhu emvura kuti akwanise kuvhara madonhwe zvakasimba.

Chimwe chinhu chinofanira kufungwa nezvacho mumavharuvhu emvura isarudzo yezvinhu zvekuvaka. Masimbi esimbi nesimbi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumasisitimu emvura, kunyanya mitsetse mikuru yekunze. Mitsetse midiki inogona kubatwa zvakanaka nezvinhu zvemavharuvhu ebhuronzi.

Kumanikidzwa kunowanikwa nemavharuvhu mazhinji emvura kunowanzova pasi pe200 psi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti magadzirirwo emadziro akakora ane kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro haadiwi. Izvi zvataurwa, pane dzimwe nguva apo mavharuvhu emvura akavakwa kuti agone kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro, kusvika pa300 psi. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa pamigero mirefu iri pedyo nekwakabva kumanikidzwa. Dzimwe nguva mavharuvhu emvura ane kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro anowanikwawo panzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro mudhamu refu.

Sangano reAmerican Water Works Association (AWWA) rakaburitsa zvirevo zvine chekuita nemhando dzakasiyana dzemavharuvhu nemaactuator anoshandiswa mumabasa ekugadzira mvura.

MVURA YASINA KUTSVARA
Rutivi rwemvura yakachena inonwiwa inopinda muchivako kana chivako imvura yakasviba kana kuti inobuda mutsvina. Mitsetse iyi inounganidza marara ese nezvinhu zvakasimba uye inoaendesa kunzvimbo yekuchenesa tsvina. Mafekitori aya ane mapaipi akawanda ane simba shoma uye mavharuvhu kuti aite "basa rawo rakasviba." Zvinodiwa zvemavharuvhu emvura yakasviba muzviitiko zvakawanda zvinoreruka kupfuura zvinodiwa zvebasa remvura yakachena. Mavharuvhu egedhi resimbi uye cheki ndiwo anonyanya kufarirwa pabasa rerudzi urwu. Mavharuvhu akajairwa mubasa iri akavakwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neAWWA.

INDAZI YEMAGADZIRIRO
Mazhinji emagetsi anowanikwa muUnited States anogadzirwa mumafekitori emhepo anoshandisa mafuta efossil uye maturbine anomhanya zvakanyanya. Kubvisa chifukidziro chefekitori yemagetsi yemazuva ano kunoita kuti pave nemaonero emapombi ane simba rakawanda uye anopisa zvakanyanya. Mitsetse mikuru iyi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mukugadzirwa kwesimba remhepo.

Mavharuvhu egedhi achiri sarudzo huru yekushandiswa kwemagetsi pakushanda nekudzima, kunyangwe paine basa rakakosha, mavharuvhu eglobe eY-pattern anowanikwawo. Mavharuvhu ebhora anoshanda zvakanyanya uye akakosha ari kuwana mukurumbira kubva kune vamwe vagadziri vemagetsi uye ari kupinda munyika ino yaimbova ine mavharuvhu akatsetseka.

Kugadzira simbi kwakakosha pamavharuvhu mumagetsi, kunyanya ayo anoshanda munzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha kana kuti dzinonyanya kukosha dzekushanda dzine simba guru rekushanda. F91, F92, C12A, pamwe chete neInconel nesimbi dzisina ngura dzakawanda zvinowanzo shandiswa mumafekitori emagetsi emazuva ano. Makirasi ekumanikidza anosanganisira 1500, 2500 uye mune dzimwe nguva 4500. Hunhu hwemafekitori emagetsi epamusoro (ayo anoshanda chete sezvinodiwa) hunoisawo mutoro mukuru pamavharuvhu nemapombi, zvichida magadzirirwo akasimba ekubata musanganiswa wakanyanya wekutenderera, tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa.
Kuwedzera kune mavharuvhu makuru emhepo, mafekitori emagetsi ane mapaipi ekuwedzera, ane mavharuvhu akawanda egedhi, globe, cheki, butterfly uye ball.

Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvenyukireya zvinoshanda nepfungwa imwecheteyo yemhepo inopfuta/inomhanya zvakanyanya. Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti muchivakwa chemagetsi chenyukireya, mhepo inopfuta inogadzirwa nekupisa kubva pakupatsanurwa kwemagetsi. Mavharuvhu emagetsi enyukireya akafanana nehama dzawo dzinoshandisa mafuta ekare, kunze kwedzinza rawo uye zvinodiwa kuti zvive zvakavimbika. Mavharuvhu enyukireya anogadzirwa nemazinga akakwirira kwazvo, nemagwaro akakodzera uye ekuongorora achizadza mazana emapeji.

Kugadzirwa kwemafuta negasi
Matsime emafuta negasi pamwe nenzvimbo dzekugadzira zvinhu dzinoshandisa mavharuvhu zvakanyanya, kusanganisira mavharuvhu akawanda anorema. Kunyangwe mafuta anodurura mazana emamita mudenga asingachaitiki, mufananidzo unoratidza kumanikidzwa kunogona kuitika kwemafuta negasi pasi pevhu. Ndokusaka misoro yematsime kana miti yeKisimusi yakaiswa pamusoro petambo refu yepombi yetsime. Masangano aya, pamwe chete nemavharuvhu nemidziyo yakakosha, akagadzirirwa kubata kumanikidzwa kunosvika 10,000 psi. Kunyange hazvo zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa pamatsime akacherwa pasi mazuva ano, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kunowanzo kuwanikwa pamatsime akadzika egungwa.

Dhizaini yemidziyo yeWellhead inofukidzwa nemaitiro eAPI akadai se6A, Maitiro eWellhead neMidziyo yeMuti weKisimusi. Mavharuvhu akafukidzwa mu6A akagadzirirwa kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya asi tembiricha iri pakati nepakati. Miti mizhinji yeKisimusi ine mavharuvhu egedhi uye mavharuvhu eglobe akakosha anonzi chokes. Mavharuvhu aya anoshandiswa kudzora kuyerera kwemvura kubva mutsime.

Kuwedzera kumatsime emvura, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuwedzera dzine mafuta kana gasi. Midziyo yekugadzira mafuta kana gasi inofanira kushandiswa pakuchenesa mafuta kana gasi. Mavharuvhu aya anowanzo kuve simbi yekabhoni inoonekwa seyevanhu vemhando yepamusoro.

Dzimwe nguva, mvura inoparadza zvakanyanya—hydrogen sulfide—inowanikwa murwizi rwepetroleum isina kugadzirwa. Chinhu ichi, chinonziwo gasi rinonaka, chinogona kuuraya. Kuti tikunde matambudziko egasi rinonaka, zvinhu zvakakosha kana matekiniki ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoenderana neNACE International MR0175 anofanira kuteverwa.

INDUSTRI YEKUSHANDISA MAHWENGE
Masisitimu emapaipi ekugadzira mafuta ari kunze kwenyika ane mavharuvhu akawanda akavakwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuti agadzirise matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ekudzora kuyerera kwemvura. Masitimu aya anewo marobho akasiyana-siyana ekutonga uye zvishandiso zvekuderedza kumanikidzwa kwemhepo.

Kune nzvimbo dzekugadzira mafuta, moyo wetsinga ndiyo nzira chaiyo yekuisa mafuta kana gasi. Kunyangwe isiri papuratifomu pachayo, nzira dzakawanda dzekugadzira dzinoshandisa miti yeKisimusi nemapaipi anoshanda munzvimbo dzakadzika dzisingawanzoitiki dzemamita zviuru gumi kana kupfuura. Midziyo iyi yekugadzira yakavakirwa pamitemo yakawanda yeAmerican Petroleum Institute (API) uye inotaurwa muAPI Recommended Practices (RPs) dzinoverengeka.

Pamapuratifomu makuru emafuta, mamwe maitiro anoshandiswa kune mvura isina kubikwa inobva mutsime. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuparadzanisa mvura kubva kumahydrocarbon uye kuparadzanisa gasi nemafuta egasi rechisikigo kubva murwizi rwemvura. Aya mapombi emupombi mushure meKisimusi anowanzo gadzirwa kuAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.3 piping codes ane mavharuvhu akagadzirwa zvinoenderana neAPI valve specifications dzakadai seAPI 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 uye API 609.

Mamwe emasystem aya anogona kunge aine mavharuvhu egedhi, bhora uye check eAPI 6D. Sezvo chero mapaipi ari papuratifomu kana drill ship ari mukati menzvimbo yacho, zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvekushandisa mavharuvhu eAPI 6D emapaipi hazvishande. Kunyangwe mhando dzakasiyana dzemavharuvhu dzichishandiswa mumasystem aya emapaipi, mhando yevharuvhu inosarudzwa ivharuvhu yebhora.

MAPOIPELINI
Kunyange zvazvo mapaipi mazhinji asingaonekwe, kuvapo kwawo kunowanzoonekwa. Zviratidzo zvidiki zvinoratidza kuti "mapaipi epeturu" chimwe chezviratidzo zviri pachena zvekuvapo kwemapaipi ekutakura pasi pevhu. Mapaipi aya ane mavharuvhu akawanda akakosha pakureba kwawo. Mavharuvhu ekuvharwa kwepaipi ekukurumidza anowanikwa panguva dzakatarwa nemirairo, makodhi nemitemo. Mavharuvhu aya anoshanda basa rinokosha rekuparadzanisa chikamu chepaipi kana paine mvura inodonhedza kana kana kugadziriswa kuchidikanwa.

Zvakare zvakapararira munzira yemapaipi kune nzvimbo uko mutsetse unobuda kubva pasi uye mukana wekupinda mumutsetse unowanikwa. Nzvimbo idzi ndidzo musha wemidziyo yekuburitsa "nguruve", iyo ine zvishandiso zvinoiswa mumapaipi kuti zviongorore kana kuchenesa mutsetse. Nzvimbo idzi dzekuburitsa nguruve dzinowanzova nemavharuvhu akati wandei, angave egedhi kana ebhora. Mavharuvhu ese ari pahurongwa hwemapaipi anofanira kunge akavhurika zvizere kuti nguruve dzikwanise kupfuura.

Mapaipi anodawo simba rekurwisa kukweshana kwepaipi uye kuchengetedza kumanikidzwa nekuyerera kwetambo. Macompressor kana nzvimbo dzekupomba dzinoita sedzidiki dzechigadzirwa chekugadzira pasina shongwe refu dzinotsemuka dzinoshandiswa. Nzvimbo idzi dzine mavharuvhu akawanda egedhi, bhora uye check pipeline.
Mapaipi acho akagadzirwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemakodhi akasiyana-siyana, nepo mavharuvhu emapaipi achitevedzera mavharuvhu eAPI 6D Pipeline.
Kunewo mapaipi madiki anopinza mvura mudzimba nezvivakwa zvemabhizinesi. Mataipi aya anopa mvura negasi uye anodzivirirwa nemavharuvhu anovharwa.
Matunhu makuru, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweUnited States, anopa steam yekudziisa zvinodiwa nevatengi vemabhizinesi. Mitsetse iyi yesteam ine mavharuvhu akasiyana-siyana ekudzora nekudzora steam. Kunyangwe mvura iri steam, kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha zvakaderera pane zvinowanikwa mukugadzira steam yemagetsi. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemavharuvhu dzinoshandiswa mubasa iri, kunyangwe vharuvhu yeplug inoremekedzwa ichiri sarudzo yakakurumbira.

Kuchenesa uye Kugadzira Mafuta
Mavharuvhu emuchina wekuchenesa anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri kupfuura mamwe mavharuvhu. Mavharuvhu emuchina wekuchenesa ndiwo musha wezvinhu zvinopisa uye mune dzimwe nguva, tembiricha yakakwira.
Zvinhu izvi zvinosarudza kuti mavharuvhu anovakwa sei zvichienderana nemaitiro ekugadzira mavharuvhu eAPI akadai seAPI 600 (mavharuvhu egedhi), API 608 (mavharuvhu ebhora) uye API 594 (tarisa mavharuvhu). Nekuda kwebasa rakaoma rinoitwa nemavharuvhu mazhinji aya, mvumo yekuwedzera yekuora inowanzodiwa. Iyi mvumo inoratidzwa kuburikidza nehukobvu hwemadziro hwakakura hwakatsanangurwa mumagwaro ekugadzira eAPI.

Mavharuvhu ese makuru anogona kuwanikwa akawanda mufekitori hombe. Vharuvhu yegedhi iri kushandiswa nevanhu vakawanda ichiri mambo wegomo rine vanhu vakawanda, asi mavharuvhu ekota-turn ari kutora chikamu chikuru chemusika wavo. Zvigadzirwa zvekota-turn zviri kubudirira muindasitiri iyi (yaimbovewo inotongwa nezvigadzirwa zvemutsetse) zvinosanganisira mavharuvhu emhando yepamusoro etriple offset butterfly uye mavharuvhu esimbi ane bhora.

Magedhi akajairwa, maglobe nemavalvu ekuongorora achiri kuwanikwa aripo, uye nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira kwavo uye hupfumi hwekugadzira, haazomboperi munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Kuyera kumanikidzwa kwemavharuvhu emuchina wekuchenesa mvura kunobva kuClass 150 kusvika kuClass 1500, uye Class 300 ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa.
Simbi dzisina kabhoni, dzakadai seWCB (yakaumbwa) uye A-105 (yakaumbwa) ndidzo dzinonyanya kufarirwa mumidziyo inoshandiswa mukuchenesa. Mashandisirwo mazhinji ekugadzirisa anokwidza tembiricha yepamusoro yesimbi dzisina kabhoni, uye ma alloys ekupisa kwepamusoro anotsanangurwa pakushandiswa uku. Dzinonyanya kufarirwa isimbi dzechrome/moly dzakadai se1-1/4% Cr, 2-1/4% Cr, 5% Cr uye 9% Cr. Simbi dzisina ngura uye ma alloys ane nickel alloys anoshandiswawo mune mamwe maitiro akaoma ekuchenesa.

makemikari
Indasitiri yemakemikari inoshandisa zvakanyanya mavharuvhu emhando dzese nezvinhu. Kubva kumafekitori madiki kusvika kumafekitori makuru epetrochemical anowanikwa kuGulf Coast, mavharuvhu chikamu chikuru chemasisitimu ekugadzira mapaipi emakemikari.

Mashandisirwo mazhinji mumashandisirwo emakemikoro akaderera pakumanikidzwa pane mamwe maitiro ekuchenesa uye kugadzira magetsi. Makirasi ekumanikidzwa anonyanya kufarirwa emavharuvhu emiti yemakemikari nemapombi iClass 150 ne300. Mafekitori emakemikoro ndiwo akanyanya kukonzera kutorwa kwemasheya emusika uko mavharuvhu ebhora akarwisa kubva kumavharuvhu akatsetseka mumakore makumi mana apfuura. Vharuvhu yebhora inogara yakasimba, ine shutoff isina kuburitsa mvura, yakakodzera kushandiswa kwemafekitori akawanda emakemikoro. Hukuru hwayo hwevharuvhu yebhora chinhu chinozivikanwawo.
Kuchine mamwe mafekitori emakemikari uye maitiro emiti uko mavharuvhu akatsetseka anonyanya kufarirwa. Muzviitiko izvi, mavharuvhu akagadzirwa neAPI 603 anozivikanwa, ane madziro matete uye huremu hwakareruka, anowanzo kuve vharuvhu yegedhi kana yepasi rose inosarudzwa. Kudzora mamwe makemikari kunoitwawo zvinobudirira nevharuvhu yediaphragm kana pinch.
Nekuda kwehunhu hwemakemikari akawanda uye maitiro ekugadzira makemikari, kusarudza zvinhu kwakakosha. Chinhu chakagadziriswa isimbi isina ngura ye316/316L. Chinhu ichi chinoshanda zvakanaka kurwisa ngura kubva kune mvura zhinji dzinenge dzakashata.

Kune mamwe mashandisirwo akaomarara ekuparadza, dziviriro yakawanda inodiwa. Dzimwe mhando dzesimbi dzisina ngura dzinoshanda zvakanaka, dzakadai se317, 347 na321 dzinowanzo sarudzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai. Dzimwe mhando dzesimbi dzinoshandiswa nguva nenguva kudzora mvura dzemakemikari dzinosanganisira Monel, Alloy 20, Inconel na17-4 PH.

KUPARADZANISWA KWELNG NEGASI
Gasi rechisikigo remvura (LNG) pamwe chete nemaitiro anodiwa pakupatsanura gasi zvinoenderana nemapaipi akawanda. Mashandisirwo aya anoda mavharuvhu anogona kushanda pakupisa kwakaderera zvikuru. Indasitiri yeLNG, iri kukura nekukurumidza muUnited States, iri kuramba ichitsvaga kuvandudza nekuvandudza maitiro ekunyungudutsa gasi. Nekuda kweizvi, mapaipi nemavharuvhu zvave zvakakura uye zvinodiwa zvekumanikidzwa zvawedzerwa.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akada kuti vagadziri vemavharuvhu vagadzire magadzirirwo anoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasimba. Mavharuvhu ebhora rekota-turn nebutterfly anozivikanwa pabasa reLNG, nesimbi isingatsvedzeri ye316ss ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa. ANSI Class 600 ndiyo denga rekumanikidza rinoshandiswa kakawanda muLNG. Kunyangwe zvigadzirwa zvekota-turn zvirizvo zvinonyanya kufarirwa, mavharuvhu egedhi, globe uye check anogona kuwanikwawo mumiti.

Basa rekuparadzanisa gasi rinosanganisira kupatsanura gasi kuita zvinhu zvaro zvega. Semuenzaniso, nzira dzekuparadzanisa mhepo dzinoburitsa nitrogen, oxygen, helium nemamwe magasi akaderera. Hunhu hwekupisa kwakaderera hwemaitiro aya hunoreva kuti mavharuvhu akawanda e cryogenic anodiwa.

Zvese zviri zviviri LNG negasi rekuparadzanisa zvine mavharuvhu anodziya zvishoma anofanira kuramba achishanda mumamiriro ezvinhu aya akaomarara. Izvi zvinoreva kuti sisitimu yekurongedza mavharuvhu inofanira kusimudzwa kubva pamvura inodziya zvishoma kuburikidza nekushandisa gasi kana column inodzikamisa. Column iyi yegasi inodzivirira mvura kuti isaite bhora rechando rakatenderedza nzvimbo yekurongedza, izvo zvinodzivirira tsinde revharuvhu kuti risatendere kana kukwira.

ZVIVAKWA ZVEKUTENGESA
Zvivako zvemabhizinesi zvakatikomberedza asi kana tikasanyatsoteerera pazvinenge zvichivakwa, hatizivi zvakawanda nezvemitsipa yakawanda yemvura yakavanda mumadziro azvo ematombo, magirazi nesimbi.

Chinhu chimwe chete chinowanikwa muzvivakwa zvese imvura. Zvivako izvi zvese zvine mapaipi akasiyana-siyana ane musanganiswa wakawanda wehydrogen/oxygen compound muchimiro chemvura inonwiwa, mvura yakasviba, mvura inopisa, mvura yakasviba uye dziviriro yemoto.

Panyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwechivako, masisitimu emoto anonyanya kukosha. Dziviriro yemoto muzvivako inenge iri pasi rose uye inozadzwa nemvura yakachena. Kuti masisitimu emvura yemoto ashande zvakanaka, anofanira kuva akavimbika, ane simba rakakwana uye ari panzvimbo iri nyore mukati mechivako chose. Masisitimu aya akagadzirwa kuti ashande otomatiki kana paine moto.
Zvivako zvirefu zvinoda sevhisi yekumanikidzwa kwemvura yakafanana padzimba dzepamusoro nedzepasi saka mapombi ane simba repamusoro nemapombi anofanira kushandiswa kusimudzira mvura. Masisitimu emapaipi anowanzo kuve eClass 300 kana 600, zvichienderana nekukwirira kwechivako. Mhando dzese dzemavharuvhu dzinoshandiswa mukushandiswa uku; zvisinei, magadzirirwo emavharuvhu anofanira kutenderwa neUnderwriters Laboratories kana Factory Mutual kuti ashandiswe sevhisi huru yemoto.

Marudzi akafanana uye marudzi emavharuvhu anoshandiswa pamavharuvhu ebasa rekudzima moto anoshandiswa pakugovera mvura inonwiwa, kunyange hazvo nzira yekubvumidza isiri yakaoma kudaro.
Masisitimu emhepo inotonhodza yekutengeserana anowanikwa mumabhizinesi makuru akadai sezvivako zvemahofisi, mahotera nezvipatara anowanzo kuve ari pakati nepakati. Ane chiller unit hombe kana boiler yekutonhodza kana kupisa mvura inoshandiswa kutamisa kutonhora kana tembiricha yakakwira. Masisitimu aya anowanzo fanira kubata mafiriji akadai seR-134a, hydro-fluorocarbon, kana kana ari masisitimu makuru ekudziyisa, steam. Nekuda kwehukuru hwakakura hwemabhururu nemavharuvhu ebhora, mhando idzi dzave dzakakurumbira mumasisitimu eHVAC chiller.

Kudivi remhepo ine simba, mamwe mavharuvhu anotenderera kwekota akapinda mukushandiswa, asi mainjiniya mazhinji epombi achiri kushandisa mavharuvhu egedhi rakatsetseka nemavharuvhu eglobe, kunyanya kana mapaipi achida magumo ehuku-weld. Pakushandisa uku kwemhepo ine simba, simbi yakatora nzvimbo yesimbi yakakandwa nekuda kwekugona kwayo kusundira.

Mamwe masisitimu ekudziya anoshandisa mvura inopisa panzvimbo peutsi sechinwiwa chinotapurirana. Masisitimu aya anoshandiswa zvakanaka nemavharuvhu ebhuronzi kana esimbi. Mavharuvhu ebhora ane mavhiri anotenderera katatu uye mavharuvhu ebhururu akakurumbira zvikuru, kunyangwe mamwe magadzirirwo akatsetseka achiri kushandiswa.

MHEDZISO
Kunyangwe humbowo hwekushandiswa kwemavharuvhu ataurwa munyaya ino hungave husingaonekwe parwendo rwekuenda kuStarbucks kana kumba kwaambuya, mamwe mavharuvhu akakosha anogara ari pedyo. Kune kunyange mavharuvhu muinjini yemotokari anoshandiswa kusvika kunzvimbo dzakadai seari mucarburetor anodzora kuyerera kwemafuta muinjini uye ari muinjini anodzora kuyerera kwepeturu mumapiston uye kubuda zvakare. Uye kana mavharuvhu iwayo asiri pedyo zvakakwana nehupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, funga nezvechokwadi chekuti moyo yedu inorova nguva dzose kuburikidza nemidziyo mina inokosha yekudzora kuyerera kwemafuta.

Uyu unongova mumwe muenzaniso wechokwadi chekuti: mavharuvhu ari kwese kwese. VM
Chikamu chechipiri chechinyorwa chino chinotaura nezvemamwe maindasitiri anoshandiswa mavharuvhu. Enda ku www.valvemagazine.com kuti uverenge nezve pulp & bepa, mashandisirwo emvura, madhamu nemagetsi emvura, zuva, simbi nesimbi, ndege, geothermal, uye kugadzira nekudhirowa zvinhu zvemaoko.

GREG JOHNSON ndiye purezidhendi weUnited Valve (www.unitedvalve.com) muHouston. Iye mupepeti weVALVE Magazine, aimbova sachigaro weValve Repair Council uye parizvino ari nhengo yebhodhi reVRC. Anoshandawo muKomiti yeDzidzo neKudzidziswa yeVMA, mutevedzeri wesachigaro weKomiti yeKutaurirana yeVMA uye aimbova purezidhendi weManufacturers Standardization Society.