Chii chinonzi vharuvhu?

Vharuvhu, dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa sevharuvhu muchiRungu, chishandiso chinoshandiswa kuvharira kana kudzora kuyerera kwemvura dzakasiyana-siyana. Vharuvhu chinhu chinoshandiswa kuvhura nekuvhara mapaipi, kudzora mafambiro emvura, uye kugadzirisa uye kudzora hunhu hwenzvimbo inotakura mvura, kusanganisira tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, uye kuyerera. Inogona kupatsanurwa kuita mavharuvhu anodzima, kutarisa mavharuvhu, kudzora mavharuvhu, nezvimwewo zvichienderana nebasa rayo. Mavharuvhu zvinhu zvinodzora kuyerera kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemvura, kusanganisira mhepo, mvura, utsi, nezvimwewo muhurongwa hwekuendesa mvura. Mavharuvhu esimbi yakakandwa, mavharuvhu esimbi yakakandwa, mavharuvhu esimbi isina tsvina, mavharuvhu esimbi yechromium molybdenum, mavharuvhu esimbi yechrome molybdenum vanadium, mavharuvhu esimbi maviri, mavharuvhu epurasitiki, mavharuvhu asina kujairika akagadziriswa, nezvimwewo, mamwe chete emhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye magadzirirwo emavharuvhu.

Maererano nezvakaitika kare zvevharuvhu

Zuva rega rega rehupenyu hwedu rinokanganiswa nekushandiswa kwemavharuvhu. Tinoshandisa mavharuvhu patinovhura pombi kuti tiwane mvura yekunwa kana kuti pombi yekudzimisa moto yekudiridza zvirimwa. Kugara kwenguva refu kwemavharuvhu akawanda kunokonzerwa nekusangana kwakaoma kwemapaipi.

Kushanduka kwemaitiro ekugadzira maindasitiri uye kugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu zvakabatana zvakanyanya. Dombo guru kana hunde yemuti zvinogona kushandiswa kumisa kuyerera kwemvura kana kushandura mafambiro ayo munyika yekare kuitira kudzora kuyerera kwenzizi kana hova. Li Bing (makore ekuzvarwa nekufa asingazivikanwe) akatanga kuchera matsime emunyu muChengdu Plain pakupera kwenguva yeHondo dzeNyika kuti awane munyu wemvura ine hunyoro uye yakakangwa.

Pakubvisa mvura ine munyu, chidimbu chitete chemushenje chinoshandiswa semushenje unoburitsa mvura ine munyu unoiswa mubhokisi uye une vharuvhu yekuvhura nekuvhara pasi. Furemu hombe yehuni inovakwa pamusoro petsime, uye sirinda imwe chete inogona kuburitsa mvura ine munyu yakawanda. Mvura ine munyu inotorwa uchishandisa vhiri remuumbi nevhiri kuti idurure mvura iri mubhaketi remushenje. Isa mutsime kuti ubvise mvura ine munyu, uye isa vharuvhu yemapuranga kune rimwe divi kuti umise kudonha kwemvura.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, tsika dzevaIjipita nevechiGiriki dzakagadzira mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemavharuvhu ekudiridza zvirimwa. Zvisinei, zvinozivikanwa kuti vaRoma vekare vakagadzira nzira dzakaoma dzekudiridza zvirimwa, vachishandisa mavharuvhu ecock neplunger pamwe nemavharuvhu asingadzokeri mvura kumashure kuti mvura isayerere kumashure.

Mazhinji emagadzirirwo ehunyanzvi aLeonardo da Vinci kubva munguva yeRenaissance, anosanganisira masisitimu ekudiridza, migero yekudiridza, nemamwe mapurojekiti akakosha emasisitimu ehydraulic, achiri kushandisa mavharuvhu.

Gare gare, sezvo tekinoroji yekudziya uye michina yekuchengetedza mvura yakawedzera muEurope,kudiwa kwemavharuvhuNekuda kweizvozvo, mavharuvhu emhangura neearuminiyamu akagadzirwa, uye mavharuvhu akaiswa muhurongwa hwesimbi.

Kuchinja kwemaindasitiri nenhoroondo yemazuva ano yeindasitiri yemavharuvhu zvine nhoroondo dzakafanana dzakadzika nekufamba kwenguva. Injini yekutanga yekushambadzira yakagadzirwa muna 1705 naNewcomman, uyo akapawo mazano ekudzora mashandiro einjini yemhepo. Kugadzirwa kwaWatt kweinjini yemhepo muna 1769 kwakaratidza kupinda kwevharuvhu zviri pamutemo muindasitiri yemichina. Mavharuvhu eplug, mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza, mavharuvhu ekutarisa, uye mavharuvhu ebhururu aiwanzo shandiswa mumainjini emhepo.

Mashandisirwo akawanda mubhizinesi remavharuvhu anobva pakuumbwa kweinjini yesteam naWatt. Mavharuvhu anotsvedza akatanga kuonekwa muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19 nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakapararira kwemainjini esteam nemakambani ekuchera, kuayina, kugadzira machira, kugadzira michina, nemamwe maindasitiri. Pamusoro pezvo, akagadzira chinodzora kumhanya kwekutanga, izvo zvakaita kuti vanhu vafarire kudzora kuyerera kwemvura. Kufambira mberi kukuru mukugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu ndiko kuoneka kwakatevera kwemavharuvhu eglobe ane tambo dzakarukwa uye mavharuvhu egedhi re wedge ane tambo dzakarukwa dzetrapezoidal.

Kugadzirwa kwemhando mbiri idzi dzemavharuvhu pakutanga kwakagutsa zvinodiwa zvekudzora kuyerera kwemvura pamwe nezvinodiwa nemaindasitiri mazhinji kuti kumanikidzwa kwevharuvhu nekupisa zvirambe zvichivandudzwa.

Mavharuvhu ebhora kana mavharuvhu edenderedzwa, ayo akagadzirwa kare kare naJohn Wallen naJohn Charpmen muzana remakore rechi19 asi haana kugadzirwa panguva iyoyo, aifanira kunge ari iwo mavharuvhu ekutanga munhoroondo.

Chikepe cheU.S. Navy chakatanga kutsigira kushandiswa kwemavharuvhu mungarava dzepasi pemvura mushure meHondo Yenyika II, uye kugadzirwa kwevharuvhu kwakaitwa nekurudziro yehurumende. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mapurojekiti matsva eR&D nezvirongwa zvakaitwa munharaunda yekushandiswa kwemavharuvhu, uye hondo iyi yakatungamirawo kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji itsva yemavharuvhu.

Hupfumi hwenyika dzakabudirira dzakatanga kukura uye kukura imwe mushure meimwe muma1960. Zvigadzirwa kubva kuWest Germany, Japan, Italy, France, United Kingdom, nedzimwe nyika dzaida kutengesa zvinhu zvavo kunze kwenyika, uye kutengeswa kwemichina nemidziyo yakakwana ndiko kwakaita kuti mavharuvhu atumirwe kunze kwenyika.

Makoroni ekare akawana rusununguko rumwe nerumwe pakati pekupera kwema1960 nekutanga kwema1980. Vachida kusimudzira maindasitiri avo emumba, vakatenga michina yakawanda, kusanganisira mavharuvhu. Pamusoro pezvo, dambudziko remafuta rakaita kuti nyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogadzira mafuta dziise mari yakawanda muchikamu chemafuta chinopa mari yakawanda. Nguva yekukura kukuru mukugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu epasi rose, kutengeserana, uye budiriro yakaunzwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichisimudzira kukura kwebhizinesi revharuvhu.